Fix: “A numeric comparison was attempted” at VS build (Costura.Fody)

After upgrading from Visual Studio 2017 to Visual Studio 2019 I was able to update NuGet packages Fody and Costura.Fody of a solution that needed them (to package assembly DLLs inside console EXEcutables) and the solution was rebuilding fine.

However after I synced the solution via a Git repository on another machine and installed the newer Visual Studio there too, I rebuilt the solution in order to fetch/rebuild NuGet packages too and although everything seemed to rebuild fine, when I was using a plain build instead of a rebuild all I was getting at Errors dialog for each project that was using Costura.Fody:

Error

A numeric comparison was attempted on "$(MsBuildMajorVersion)" that evaluates to "" instead of a number, in condition "($(MsBuildMajorVersion) < 16)".  

To fix this I had to uninstall and reinstall Costura.Fody NuGet package (it wasn’t needed to uninstall/reinstall the Fody NuGet package itself) on the solution’s projects that were using it and then all was rebuilding/building fine again on that other machine.